Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Biomolecules Notes for NEET & JEE (PDF + MCQs)
Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Biomolecules | Complete Notes for NEET & JEE
Introduction
Biomolecules are the essential organic molecules that form the basis of life. They include carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and vitamins. These molecules are responsible for structure, function, and regulation of living organisms.
This chapter is highly important for NEET, JEE Main, JEE Advanced, and Board Examinations due to its conceptual clarity and direct NCERT-based questions.
Why is This Chapter Important for NEET & JEE?
✅ Direct NCERT-based questions
✅ Easy scoring Organic Chemistry chapter
✅ Frequently asked in NEET and JEE
✅ Important for Biology + Chemistry integration
✅ Conceptual + factual questions
Download Study Material
📘 Complete Biomolecules Notes PDF
What are Biomolecules?
Biomolecules are large and complex organic compounds that occur naturally in living organisms.
Major Types
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
Classification
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars.
Examples:
Glucose
Fructose
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined.
Examples:
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Polysaccharides
Long chains of sugars.
Examples:
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Glucose
Glucose is the most important monosaccharide.
Properties
Aldohexose
Sweet taste
Water soluble
Fructose
Fructose is a ketohexose.
Found in fruits
Sweeter than glucose
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Amino Acids
Basic units of proteins.
Peptide Bond
Link between two amino acids.
Structure of Proteins
Primary Structure
Sequence of amino acids.
Secondary Structure
α-helix and β-pleated sheet.
Tertiary Structure
3D folding of protein.
Quaternary Structure
Association of multiple protein units.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Properties
Highly specific
Work at mild conditions
Highly efficient
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolism.
Types
Water Soluble
Vitamin B complex
Vitamin C
Fat Soluble
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are genetic materials.
Types
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Structure of DNA
DNA is a double helix structure composed of nucleotides.
Components of Nucleotide
Sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Bases in DNA
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Complementary Base Pairing
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
RNA Types
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic biomolecules.
Examples:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Biological Importance
Carbohydrates
Energy source
Structural materials
Proteins
Growth and repair
Enzymes
Lipids
Energy storage
Cell membranes
Nucleic Acids
Genetic information
Daily Practice Problems (DPP)
📝 Download Biomolecules DPP
Important Points for Quick Revision
✔ Glucose is an aldohexose.
✔ Fructose is a ketohexose.
✔ Proteins are made of amino acids.
✔ DNA is a double helix.
✔ Enzymes are biological catalysts.
✔ Vitamins are essential in small quantities.
✔ Starch is plant storage carbohydrate.
✔ Glycogen is animal storage carbohydrate.
NEET & JEE Quick Revision
✔ Monosaccharides = glucose, fructose
✔ Disaccharides = sucrose, lactose
✔ DNA bases = A, T, G, C
✔ RNA bases = A, U, G, C
✔ Protein linkage = peptide bond
✔ Enzymes = biological catalysts
✔ Vitamins deficiency causes diseases
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What are biomolecules?
Biomolecules are organic compounds essential for life processes.
Q2. What are the main types of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
Q3. What is DNA?
DNA is the genetic material that stores hereditary information.
Q4. Why are enzymes important?
They act as biological catalysts and speed up reactions in living organisms.
Exercise Problems
📝 Download Biomolecules Exercises
Conclusion
Biomolecules is a highly important and easy-scoring chapter in Class 12 Chemistry. It connects chemistry with biology and is frequently asked in NEET, JEE, and board examinations.
Understanding carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and vitamins is essential for scoring well in competitive exams.
Stay connected with Chemistry Achievers Academy for free notes, DPPs, MCQs, PYQs, formula sheets, and chapter-wise study materials for NEET, JEE, CSIR NET, TN SET, and PG TRB examinations.
Comments
Post a Comment